Publications from the Polar MDI team

Drs. Ching-I Meng (PI), Patrick T. Newell, Kan Liou, James F. Carbary, and Jih-Hong Shue

(Some reprints can be obtained from http://sd-www.jhuapl.edu/Aurora/publications/index.html)

 

Refereed Journals

 

---------------------------------------------------- 2004 -----------------------------------------------------

1.        Liou, K., P. T. Newell, C.-I Meng, C.-C. Wu, and R. P. Lepping, On the relationship between shock-induced polar magnetic bays and solar wind parameters, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2004JA010400, 2004.

2.     Sergeev, V. A., K. Liou, P. T Newell, S.-I. Ohtani, M. R. Hairston, and F. Rich, Auroral streamers: Characteristics of associated precipitation, conveciton and field-aligned currents, Ann. Geophy., 22, 537, 2004.

3.     Wu, C.-C., K. Liou, R. P. Lepping, C.-I Meng , Identification of substorms within storms, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 66(2), 125-132, 2004.

4.     Wu, C.-C., C. D. Fry, J.-Y. Liu, K. Liou, and C.-L. Tseng, Annual TEC variation in the equatorial anomaly region during the solar minimum: September 1996-August 1997, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 66(3-4), 199-207, 2004.

---------------------------------------------------- 2003 ------------------------------------------------

 

1.        Carbary, J. F., T. Sotirelis, P. T. Newell, and C.-I. Meng, Auroral boundary correlations between UVI and DMSP, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A1), 1018, doi:10.1029/2002JA009378, 2003.

2.        Ieda, A., J.-H. Shue, K. Liou, S.-I. Ohtani, C.-I. Meng, D. H. Fairfield, T. Mukai, Y. Saito, S. Machida, T. Nagai, and G. K.  Parks, Quiet time magnetotail plasma flow: Coordinated Polar ultraviolet images and Geotail observations, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A9), 1345, doi:10.1029/2002JA009739, 2003.

3.     Jayachandran, P. T., J. M. MacDougall, E. F. Donovan, J. M. RuohoniemiK. Liou, D. R. Moorcroft, J.-P. St-Maurice, Substorm associated changes in the high-latitude ionospheric convection, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(20), SSC 7-1, CiteID 2064, DOI 10.1029/2003GL017497, 2003.

4.        Kauristie, K., V. A. Sergeev, O. Amm, M. V. Kubyshkina, J. Jussila, E. Donovan, K. Liou, Bursty bulk flow intrusion to the inner plasma sheet as inferred from auroral observations, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A1), 1040, doi:10.1029/2002JA009371, 2003.

5.        Liou, K., J. F. Carbary, P. T. Newell, C.-I Meng, and O. Rasmussen, Correlation of auroral power with the polar cap index, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A3), 1108, doi:10.1029/2002JA009556, 2003.(PDF)

6.        Liou, K., J. , P. T. Newell, C.-I Meng, C.-C. Wu, and R. P. Lepping, Investigation of external triggering of substorms with Polar ultraviolet imager observations, J. Geophys. Res., 1364, doi:10.1029/2003JA009984, 2003.(PDF)

7.        Lui, A. T. Y., W. W. Lai, K. Liou, and C.-I Meng, A new technique for short-term forecast of auroral activity, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(5), 1258, doi: 10.1029/2002GL016505, 2003.

8.        Miyashita, Y., S. Machida, K. Liou, T. Mukai, Y. Saito, C.-I. Meng, and G. K. Parks, Relationship between magnetotail variations and auroral activities during substorms, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A1), doi:10.1029/2001JA009175, 2003.

9.        Miyashita, Y., S. Machida, K. Liou, T. Mukai, Y. Saito, H. HayakawaC.-I. Meng, and G. K. Parks, Evolution of the magnetotail with substorm auroral breakups J. Geophys. Res., J. Geophys. Res., 108(A9), doi:10.1029/2003JA009939, 2003.

10.        Shue, J.-H., S. Ohtani, P. T. Newell, K. Liou, C.-I. Meng, A. Ieda, and T. Mukai, quantitative relationships between plasma sheet fast flows and nightside auroral power, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A6), 1231, doi:10.1029/2002JA009794, 2003.(PDF)

---------------------------------------------------- 2002 -----------------------------------------------------

 

1.        Jayachandran, P. T., J. W. MacDougall, D. R. Moorcroft, J.-P. St-Maurice, K. Liou, and P. T. Newell, Evolution of the magnetotail with substorm auroral breakups Substorm onset location and the equatorward boundary of the proton auroral oval Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(24), 2159, doi:10.1029/2002GL015484, 2002.

2.        Liou, K., C.-I Meng, A. T. Y. Lui, P. T. Newell, S. Wing, Magnetic dipolarization with substorm expansion onset, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A7), 1131, doi:10.1029/2001JA000179, 2002.(PDF)

3.        Liou, K., C.-C. Wu, R. P. Lepping, P. T. Newell, and C.-I Meng, Midday sub-auroral patches (MSPs) associated with interplanetary shocks, Geophys.-Res.-Lett., 29(16), 1771, doi:10.1029/2001GL014182, 2002.(PDF)

4.     Meng, C.-I, K. Liou, Global auroral power as an index for geospace disturbances, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(12), 1600, doi:10.1029/2001GL013902, 2002.(PDF)

5.     Newell, P. T., K. Liou, J. P. Skura, and C.-I. Meng, The distribution of auroral power increases and decreases, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(24), 2209, doi:10.1029/2002GL016288, 2002.(PDF)

6.     Newell, P. T., T. Sotirelis, J. F. Carbary, K. Liou, J. P. Skura, C.-I. Meng, C. Deehr, D. Wilkinson, and F. J. Rich, OVATION: Oval Variation, Assessment, Tracking, Intensity, and Online Nowcasting, Annales Geophysicae, 20, 1039-1047, 2002.

7.     Newell, P. T., T. Sotirelis, J. P. Skura, C.-I Meng, and W. Lyatsky, Ultraviolet insolation drives seasonal and diurnal space weather variations, J. Geophys. Res., 107, doi:10.1029/2001JA00029610, 2002.

8.     Shue, J.-H., P. T. Newell, K. Liou, and C.-I. Meng, Solar wind density and velocity control of auroral brightness under normal interplanetary magnetic field conditions, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A12), 1428, doi:10.1029/2001JA009138, 2002.(PDF)

9.     Shue, J.-H., P. T. Newell, K. Liou, C.-I. Meng, and S. W. H. Cowley, Interplanetary magnetic field Bx asymmetry effect on auroral brightness, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A8), 1197, doi:10.1029/2001JA000229, 2002.(PDF)

10.     Shue, J.-H., P. T. Newell, K. Liou, C.-I. Meng, Y. Kamide, and R. P. Lepping, Two-component auroras, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(10), 1379, doi:10.1029/2002GL014657, 2002.(PDF)

11.     Takahashi, Kazue, K. Liou, K. Yumoto, Correlative study of ultraviolet aurora and low-latitude Pi2 pulsations, J. Geophys. Res., 107(A12), 1417, doi:10.1029/2002JA009455, 2002.

 

---------------------------------------------------- 2001 -----------------------------------------------------

 

1.     Anderson, P. C., S. M. Petrinec, and K. Liou, Statistical patterns in X-ray and UV auroral emissions and energetic electron precipitation, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5907, 2001.

2.     Ieda, A., D. H. Fairfield, T. Mukai, Y. Saito, S. Kokubun, K. Liou, C.-I. Meng, G. K. Parks, M. J. Brittnacher, Plasmoid ejection and auroral brightening, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 3845, 2001.

3.     Lazutin L., G. Starkov, C-I. Meng, D. G. Sibeck, J. Stadsnes, J. Bjordal, K. Liou, T. Kornilova, and G. Reeves, Westward Traveling Surge dynamics and the local structure of an isolated substorm, Adv. Space Res., 28, 1623-1629, 2001

4.     Liou, K., P. T. Newell, C.-I Meng, K. Takahashi, S.-I. Ohtani, A. T. Y. Lui, M. Brittnacher, and G. Parks, Reply, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 18,293-18,926, 2001.

5.     Liou, K., P. T. Newell, and C.-I Meng, Seasonal effects on auroral particle acceleration and precipitation, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5531, 2001.(PDF)

6.     Liou, K., P. T. Newell, C.-I Meng, M. Brittnacher, and G. Parks, Observation of IMF and seasonal effects in the location of auroral substorm onset, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5799, 2001.(PDF)

7.     Liou, K., C.-I Meng, P. T. Newell, A. T. Y. Lui, G. D. Reeves, and R. D. Belian, Substorm injections with auroral expansions, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5873, 2001.(PDF)

8.     Meng, C.-I, K. Liou, P. T. Newell, Asymmetric sunlight effect on dayside/nightside auroral precipitation, Phys. Chem. Earth(c), 26, 43-47, 2001.(PDF)

9.     Nakamura, R., W. Baumjohann, M. Brittnacher, V. A. Sergeev, M. Kubyshkina, T. Mukai, and K. Liou, Flow bursts and auroral activations: Onset timing and foot point location, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 10,777-10,789, 2001.

10.     Nakamura, R., W. Baumjohann, R. Schödel, M. Brittnacher, V. A. Sergeev, M. Kubyshkina, T. Mukai, and K. Liou, Earthward flow bursts, auroral streamers, and small expansions, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 10,791-10,802, 2001.

11.     Newell, P. T., K. Liou, T. Sotirelis, C.-I Meng, Polar UVI Observations of global auroral power as a function of polar cap size and magnetotail stretching, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5895, 2001.(PDF)

12.     Newell, P. T., K. Liou, T. Sotirelis, and C.-I Meng, Auroral precipitation power during substorms: A Polar UVI based superposed epoch analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 106,28,885-28,896, 2001.(PDF)

13.     Sergeev, V., M. Kubyshkina, K. Liou, P. Newell, G. Parks, R. Nakamura, and T. Mukai, Substorm and convection bay compared: Auroral and magnetotail dynamics during convection bay, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 18,843-18,855, 2001.

14.     Shue, J.-H., P. T. Newell, K. Liou, and C.-I Meng, The quantitative relationship between auroral brightness and solar EUV Pedersen conductance, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5883, 2001.(PDF)

15.     Shue, J.-H., P. T. Newell, K. Liou, and C.-I Meng, Influence of planetary magnetic field on global auroral patterns, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 5913, 2001.(PDF)

16.     Tung, Y.-K., C. W. Carlson, J. P. McFadden, D. M. Klumpar, G. K. Parks, W. J. Peria, and K. Liou, Auroral polar cap boundary ion conic outflow observed on FAST, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 3603, 2001.

17.     Tung, Y.-K., C. W. Carlson, J. P. McFadden, D. M. Klumpar, G. K. Parks, W. J. Peria, and K. Liou, Correction to “Auroral polar cap boundary ion conic outflow observed on FAST”, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 18,597, 2001.

18.     Vorobjev, V. G., O. I. Yagodkina, D. Sibeck, K. Liou, and C.-I Meng, Optical aurora conjugacy during substorms development: Coordinated antarctic ground based and Polar satellite UVI observations, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 24,579-24,591, 2001.

19.     Waters, C. L., B. J. Anderson, and K. Liou, Estimation of global field aligned currents using Iridium system magnetometer data, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2165-2168, 2001.

 

---------------------------------------------------- 2000 -----------------------------------------------------

 

1.     Aarons, J., B. Lin, M. Mendillo, K. Liou, and M. Codrescu, Global positioning system phase fluctuations and ultraviolet images from the Polar satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 5201, 2000.

2.     Baker, J. B., C. R. Clauer, A. J. Ridley, V. O. Papitashvili, M. Brittnacher, and P. T. Newell, The nightside poleward boundary of the auroral oval as seen by DMSP and UVI, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 267-21280, 2000.

3.     Carbary, J. F., K. Liou, A. T. Y. Lui, P. T. Newell, and C.-I Meng, "Blob" analysis of auroral substorm dynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 16,083, 1999.(PDF)

4.     Liou, K., C.-I Meng, P. T. Newell, K. Takahashi, S.-I,. Ohtani, A. T. Y. Lui, M. Brittnacher, and G. Parks, Low-latitude Pi 2 pulsations as possible indicators of substorm onset: A survey using Polar ultraviolet imagery, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 2495-2505, 2000.(PDF)

5.     Liou, K., C.-I Meng, A. T. Y. Lui, P. T. Newell, and R. R. Anderson, Auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) at substorm onset, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 25,325, 2000.(PDF)

6.     Lui, A. T. Y., K. Liou, P. T. Newell, C.-I Meng, S. Ohtani, R. W. McEntire, N. J. Fox, R. P. Lepping, W. R. Paterson, J. B. Sigwarth, L. A. Frank, S. Kokubun, G. K. Parks, T. Moretto, and K. Yumoto, Conjunction of tail satellites for substorm study: ISTP event of 1997 January 2, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 1831, 2000.

7.     Lui, A. T. Y., S. C. Chapman, K. Liou, P. T. Newell, C.-I Meng, Is the dynamic magnetosphere an avalanching system? Geophys. Rev. Lett, 27, 911, 2000.

8.     Newell, P. T., An auroral signature decoded, Nature, 408, 42-43, 2000.

9.     Sergeev, V. A., J.-A. Sauvaud, D. Popescu, R. A. Kovrazhkin, K. Liou, P. T. Newell, M. Brittnacher, G. Parks, R. Nakamura, T. Mukai, G. D. Reeves, Multiple-spacecraft observation of a narrow transient plasma jet in the Earth's plasma sheet, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 851, 2000.

10.     Shue, J.-H., Y. Kamide, R. D. Elphinstone, and N. Nishitani, Intense growth phase events of substorms, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 5357, 2000.(PDF)

11.     Tagirov, V. R, K. Liou, D. G. Sibeck, and V. A. Arinin, Study of a sequence of substorm onsets on the basis of coordinated ground-satellite observations, Phys. Chem. Earth — B, 25(5-6), 559-563, 2000.

 

---------------------------------------------------- 1999 -----------------------------------------------------

 

1.        Liou, K., P. T. Newell, C.-I Meng, T. Sotirelis, M. Brittnacher, and G. Parks, On the source region of 1500 MLT auroral bright spots determined with Polar UV-imaging and DMSP particle measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 24,587-24,602, 1999.

2.        Liou, K., C.-I Meng, A. T. Y. Lui, P. T. Newell, M. Brittnacher, G. Parks, and G. D. Reeves, R. R. Anderson, K. Yumoto, On relative timing in substorm onset signatures, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 22,807, 1999.

3.        Lui, A. T. Y., K. Liou, M. Nose, S. Ohtani, D. J. Williams, T. Mukai, K. Tsuruda, and S. Kokubun, Near-Earth dipolarization: Evidence for a non-MHD Process, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2905-2908, 1999.

4.        Newell, P. T., K. Liou, C.-I Meng, M. J. Brittnacher, and G. Parks, Dynamics of double-theta aurora: Polar UVI study of January 10-11, 1997, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 95-104, 1999.

5.        Sergeev, V. A., K. Liou, C.-I Meng, P. T. Newell, M. Brittnacher, G. Parks, and G. D. Reeves, Development of auroral streamers in association with localized impulsive injections to the inner magnetotail, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 417-420, 1999.

6.        Sibeck, D. G., N. L. Borodkova, S. J. Schwartz, C. J. Owen, R. Kwssel, S. Kokubun, R. P. Lepping, R. Lin, K. Liou, H. Lühr, R. W. McEntire, C.-I Meng, T. Mukai, Z. Nemecek, G. Parks, T. D. Phan, S. A. Romanov, J. Safrankova, J.-A. Sauvaud, H. J. Singer, S. I. Solovyev, A. Szabo, K. Takahashi, D. J. Williams, K. Yumoto, and G. N. Zastenker, Comprehensive study of the magnetospheric response to a hot flow anomaly, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 4577-4593, 1999.

7.        Yermolaev, Yu. I., L. M. Zelenyi, N. L. Borodkova, R. A. Kovrazhkin, V. N. Lutsenko, A. A. Petrukovich, S. P. Savin, A. A. Skalsky, V. A. Sergeev, T. Mukai, S. Kokubun, K. Liou, C.-I Meng, G. Parks, and J.-A. Sauvaud, Global substorm effect and convection jet under the conditions of continuouts external driving: Multi-spacecraft observations on December 22-23, 1996, Czech. J. Phys., 49, 625, 1999,

 

---------------------------------------------------- 1998 -----------------------------------------------------

 

1.        Liou, K., P. T. Newell, C.-I Meng, M. Brittnacher, and G. Parks, Characteristics of the solar wind controlled auroral emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 17543-17557, 1998.

2.        Lui, A. T. Y., K. Liou, P. T. Newell, C.-I Meng, S.-I. Ohtani, S. Kokubun, T. Ogino, M. Brittnacher, G. Parks, Plasma and magnetic flux transport associated with auroral breakups, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 4059, 1998.

3.        Lui, A. T. Y., M. J. Brittnacher, S. P. Christon, T. E. Eastman, S. Kokubun, K. Liou, R. W. McEntire, C.-I Meng, P. T. Newell, G. K. Parks, T. Yamamoto, D. J. Williams, Ionospheric signature of a magnetic flux rope in the magnetotail, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25 , 3733, 1998.

 

---------------------------------------------------- 1997 -----------------------------------------------------

 

1.        Liou, K., P. T. Newell, C.-I Meng, M. Brittnacher, and G. Parks, Synoptic auroral distribution: A survey using Polar ultraviolet imagery, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 27197-27205, 1997.

2.        Liou, K., P. T. Newell, C.-I Meng, A. T. Y. Lui, M. Brittnacher, and G. Parks, Dayside auroral activity as a possible precursor of substorm onsets: a survey using POLAR UVI imagery, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 19835-19844, 1997.

 

Conference Proceedings

 

---------------------------------------------------- 2002 -----------------------------------------------------

.

1.        Kauristie K., K. Liou, L. Lazutin, O. Amm, A. Viljanen, P. T. Newell, and J. Weygand, What is the interrelation between polar cap and substorm processes? in Six International Conference on Substorm, edited by R. M. Winglee, p. 71, 2002.

2.        Liou, K., P. T. Newell, C.-I Meng, C.-C. Wu, and R. P. Lepping, Do interplanetary shocks really trigger substorm expansion phase onsets? in Six International Conference on Substorm, edited by R. M. Winglee, p. 299, 2002.

3.        Miyashita, Y., S. Machida, K. Liou, T. Mukai, Y. Saito, K. Tsuruda, H. Hayakawa, C.-I Meng, and G. K. Parks, GEOTAIL observations of variations in the magnetotail associated with substorm auroral breakups, in Six International Conference on Substorm, edited by R. M. Winglee, p. 410, 2002.

4.        Tung, Y.-K, G. K. Parks, C. W. Carlson, J. P. McFadden, D. M. Klumpar, W. J. Peria, and K. Liou, Polar cap boundary auroral ion outflows during substorms and active aurora, in Six International Conference on Substorm, edited by R. M. Winglee, p. 163, 2002.

5.        Wu, C.-C., K. Liou, R. P. Lepping, G. Le, and C.-I Meng, Observations of substorm during prolonged northward interplanetary magnetic field, in Six International Conference on Substorm, edited by R. M. Winglee, p. 376, 2002.

 

---------------------------------------------------- 2000 -----------------------------------------------------

 

1.        Kauristie, K., V. A. Sergeev, T. I. Pulkkinen, P. Eglitis, H. J. Opgenoorth, O. Amm, J. Jussila, and K. Liou, Comparisons of ground-based and Polar UVI observations — Auroral streamers, in Proceedings of The 5th International Conference on Substorms, pp. 299-302, St. Petersburg, Russia, ESA SP-433, July 2000.

2.        Nakamura, R., W. Baumjohann, V. A. Sergeev, M. Kubyshkina, M. Brittnacher, G. Parks, K. Liou, and T. Mukai, Fast flow bursts and auroral activations, in Proceedings of The 5th International Conference on Substorms, pp. 319-322, St. Petersburg, Russia, ESA SP-433, July 2000.

3.        Sergeev, A. V., M. V. Kubyshkina, K. Liou, G. Parks, T. Mukai, R. Nakamura, T. Mukai, and J.-A. Sauvaud, Two kinds of magnetotail response to the enhanced energy loading compared, in Proceedings of The 5th International Conference on Substorms, pp. 75-78, St. Petersburg, Russia, ESA SP-433, July 2000.

4.        Starkov, G., L. Lazutin, T. Kornilova, A. Soldatov, C.-I Meng, D. Sibeck, K. Liou, D. Bjordal, J. Stadsnes, and G. D. Reeves, Auroral dynamics and a local structure of the isolated substorm, , in Proceedings of The 5th International Conference on Substorms, pp. 583-586, St. Petersburg, Russia, ESA SP-433, July 2000.

5.     Tung Y.-K., C. W. Carlson, J. P. McFadden, M. Temerin, D. M. Klumpar, G. K. Parks, W. J. Peria, and K. Liou, Nightside polar cap boundary auroral ion outflow during substorms, in Proceedings of The 5th International Conference on Substorms, pp. 341-344, St. Petersburg, Russia, ESA SP-433, July 2000.

6.     Yahnin, A. G., I. A. Kornilov, T. A. Kornilova, V. A. Sergeev, A. T. Y. Lui, K. Liou, C.-I Meng, and A. Pajunpaa, Do the observations confirm the high-speed flow braking model for substorms? in Proceedings of The 5th International Conference on Substorms, pp. 345-348, St. Petersburg, Russia, ESA SP-433, July 2000.

 

---------------------------------------------------- 1999 -----------------------------------------------------

 

1.        Meng, C.-I, and K. Liou, Relative timing on magnetospheric substorm onset signatures, in Interball in the ISTP Program — Studies of the Solar Wind-Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Interaction, Edited by D. G. Sibeck and K. Kudela, pp. 113-124, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1999.

 

---------------------------------------------------- 1998 -----------------------------------------------------

 

2.        Liou, K., C.-I Meng, A. T. Y. Lui, P. T. Newell, M. Brittnacher, G. Parks, and M. Nosé, A fresh look at substorm onset identifiers, in Fourth International Conference on Substorms (ICS4), pp. 249-252, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1998.

3.        Lui, A. T. Y., K. Liou, P. T. Newell, C.-I Meng, S.-I. Ohtani, T. Mukai, T. Yamamoto, T. Ogino, S. Kokubun, M. J. Brittnacher, and G. K. Parks, Plasma sheet behavior associated with auroral breakups, in Fourth International Conference on Substorms (ICS4), pp. 183-186, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1998.

4.        Newell, P. T., K. Liou, S. Wing, and C.-I Meng, Ionospheric conductivity and the formation of auroral arcs: a review with an emphasis on solar cycle effects, in Fourth International Conference on Substorms (ICS4), pp. 41-46, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1998.

5.        Tagirov, V. R., V. A. Arinin, C.-I Meng, D. G. Sibeck, A. T. Y. Lui, K. Liou, A. G. Ivanov, L. A. Frank, D. Morgan, and G. Parks, Comparison of two substorm onsets on the basis of coordinated ground satellite observations, in Fourth International Conference on Substorms (ICS4), pp. 339-342, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1998.